INTERSTELLAR “SPICE” POLYPHENOL POWERHOUSE—100 SPICES

INTERSTELLAR “ SPICE” POLYPHENOL POWERHOUSE — 100 SPICES in one

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Believe it or not the spices in your cupboard have tremendous healing capabilities and this is because of their POLYPHENOL content.

Now you can have them all in one blend!

What are polyphenols?

Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance

“Polyphenols constitute one of the most numerous and ubiquitous groups of plant metabolites and are an integral part of both human and animal diets. Ranging from simple phenolic molecules to highly polymerized compounds with molecular weights of greater than 30,000 Da, the occurrence of this complex group of substances in plant foods is extremely variable. Polyphenols traditionally have been considered antinutrients by animal nutritionists, because of the adverse effect of tannins, one type of polyphenol, on protein digestibility. However, recent interest in food phenolics has increased greatly, owing to their antioxidant capacity (free radical scavenging and metal chelating activities) and their possible beneficial implications in human health, such as in the treatment and prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other pathologies. ”

polyphenols: a potentiol new strategy for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression

Following recent evidence that disturbances in oxidative metabolism are involved in anxiety disorders, high anxiety levels and depression, the use of antioxidants has been proposed as a novel approach for the prevention or treatment of these conditions. Polyphenols are naturally-occurring antioxidant substances which can have pharmacological actions on the central nervous system. This mini-review aims to examine the current evidence for the potential use of dietary polyphenols as neuroprotective agents to reduce anxiety and to manage depression. I will outline recent findings which demonstrate that polyphenols have anti-anxiety effects at higher doses (300/60/30/20 mg/kg body weight) as well as at lower doses (2-4 mg/kg); this can be compared to conventional anxiolytics, which only have anxiolytic effects at lower doses (1-5 mg/kg). To circumvent problems associated with polyphenols (e.g., quercetin) having difficulty crossing the blood-brain barrier and to effectively reduce the active dose, intranasal administration in the form of liposomes could be an interesting approach. I also suggest that dietary polyphenols could be a new alternative approach to treat depression, because they exhibit antidepressant activity with relatively lower doses (0.3-2 mg/kg) than commonlyused antidepressants such as imipramine (10 mg/kg). The polyphenols discussed in this mini-review are found in vegetables and fruits such as apples, plums, cherries, onions and tea. Therefore, a varied diet that is rich in naturallyoccurring polyphenols could be an effective means to prevent (or delay) anxiety, depression and other diseases linked to oxidative stress.

 

Polyphenols: antioxidants and beyond

”Research on the effects of dietary polyphenols on human health has developed considerably in the past 10 y. It strongly supports a role for polyphenols in the prevention of degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The antioxidant properties of polyphenols have been widely studied, but it has become clear that the mechanisms of action of polyphenols go beyond the modulation of oxidative stress.”

 

At the interface of antioxidant signalling and cellular function: Key polyphenol effects

“Effects of (poly) phenols on pathways of chronic inflammation leading to prevention of some of the damaging effects associated with the metabolic syndrome. (2) Interaction of (poly)phenols with endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, leading to effects on blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction, and consequent reduction in cardiovascular disease risk. (3) The inhibition of xanthine oxidoreductase leading to modulation of intracellular superoxide and plasma uric acid, a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. ”

POLYPHENOLS: Small molecules that regulate lifespan: evidence for xenohormesis

Barring genetic manipulation, the diet known as calorie restriction (CR) is currently the only way to slow down ageing in mammals. The fact that CR works on most species, even microorganisms, implies a conserved underlying mechanism. Recent findings in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicate that CR extends lifespan because it is a mild biological stressor that activates Sir2, a key component of yeast longevity and the founding member of the sirtuin family of deacetylases. The sirtuin family appears to have first arisen in primordial eukaryotes, possibly to help them cope with adverse conditions. Today they are found in plants, yeast, and animals and may underlie the remarkable health benefits of CR. Interestingly, a class of POLYPHENOLIC molecules produced by plants in response to stress can activate the sirtuins from yeast and metazoans. At least in the case of yeast, these molecules greatly extend lifespan by mimicking CR. One explanation for this surprising observation is the ‘xenohormesis hypothesis’, the idea that organisms have evolved to respond to stress signalling molecules produced by other species in their environment. In this way, organisms can prepare in advance for a deteriorating environment and/or loss of food supply.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04209.x

 

The effects of polyphenol-containing antioxidants on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications

“These observations indicated that the polyphenol-rich antioxidant supplement containing pomegranate extract, green tea extract, and ascorbic acid has important antagonizing effects on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in patients with Type 2 DM and might be beneficial in preventing cardiovascular complications.”

 

Polyphenols and Aging

“These increasingly well-documented results have begun to provide a basis for considering the use of polyphenols in the development of novel therapies for certain human diseases. And while the mechanisms by which these effects occur are yet to be fully understood, it is evident that further investigation may yield a potential use for polyphenols as pharmacological interventions against specific age-associated diseases. ”

 

Polyphenol-Rich Foods in the Mediterranean Diet are Associated with Better Cognitive Function in Elderly Subjects at High Cardiovascular Risk

“Increased consumption of antioxidant-rich foods in general and of polyphenols in particular is associated with better cognitive performance in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk. The results reinforce the notion that Mediterranean diet components might counteract age-related cognitive decline.”

 

Plant Polyphenol Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress

“Thus, polyphenols probably protect LDL oxidation in vivo with significant consequences in atherosclerosis. and also protect DNA from oxidative damage with important consequences in the age-related development of some cancers.”

 

Effects of polyphenolic antioxidants on exercise-induced oxidative stress

“However, in response to strenuous exercise, the polyphenol-supplemented test showed a smaller increase in plasma TBARS and CK than the placebo test.”

 

Polyphenols and Aging

“Our understanding of aging is constantly evolving, but there is great interest in using polyphenol organic compounds to modify or retard the aging process. ”

 

Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects – A review

“Phenolic compounds, ubiquitous in plants, are an essential part of the human diet and are of considerable interest due to their antioxidant properties and potential beneficial health effects.”

 

Dietary polyphenols, oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

“Phenolic compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are widely distributed in plants as a protective mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses.”

 

Antiglycative and neuroprotective activity of colon‐derived polyphenol catabolites

“Some polyphenolic catabolites, generated in vivo in the colon, were able in vitro to counteract two key features of diabetic complications, i.e. protein glycation and neurodegeneration. These observations could lead to a better control of these events, which are usually correlated with hyperglycemia. ”

 

Plant Polyphenols: Chemical Properties, Biological Activities, and Synthesis

“This Review gives answers from a chemical perspective, summarizes the state of the art, and highlights the most significant advances in the field of polyphenol research. ”

 

Polyphenols and Human Health: A Prospectus

“We summarize the recent findings concerning the effects of polyphenols on human health, analyze the current limitations at pitfalls, and propose future directions for research.”

 

Distinct mechanisms underlie distinct polyphenol‐induced neuroprotection

“In conclusion, polyphenolic compounds inhibit glutamate‐induced toxicity. Each polyphenolic compound, however, exerts its protection by distinctive mechanisms. Combination of these effects might enhance the protective effect and could counter ischemic diseases or neurodegeneration. ”

200:1 = 300 1/8 tsp servings

20:1 = 72 1/2 tsp servings

INGREDIENTS

 

Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria)

1. Naphthoquinone Components from Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch Show Significant Antiproliferative Effects on Human Colorectal Cancer Cells
2. Antioxidant activities of alkanet
3. Antimicrobial properties of naphthaquinones and other constituents of Alkanna tinctoria

Allspice (Pimenta dioica)

1. Antifungal effect of Pimenta dioica essential oil against dangerous pathogenic and toxinogenic fungi
2. Antioxidative phenylpropanoids from berries of Pimenta dioica
3. Cardiovascular effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Pimenta dioica in Sprague-Dawley rats
4. Polyphenol-rich extract of Pimenta dioica berries (Allspice) kills breast cancer cells by autophagy and delays growth of triple negative breast cancer in athymic mice

Angelica (Angelica archangelica)

1. Hepatoprotective effect of Angelica archangelica in chronically ethanol-treated mice
2. Antiproliferative effect of Angelica archangelica fruits
3. Antitumour Activity of Angelica archangelica Leaf Extract

Anise (Pimpinella anisum)

1. Relaxant effect of Pimpinella anisum
2. Antispasmodic effects of the hidroalcoholic extract of Pimpinella anisum
3. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of Pimpinella

Annatto ( ) Achiote (Bixa orellana)

1. DNA damage and aberrant crypt foci as putative biomarkers to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of annatto
2. Antimicrobial activity of Annatto (Bixa orellana) extract
3. Inhibition of cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in rat brain by polar and non-polar extracts of Annatto (Bixa orellana) seeds

Artemisia (Artemisia spp.)

1. Preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium on acetaminophen and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity
2. Determination of artemisinin in Artemisia sieberi and anticoccidial effects of the plant extract in broiler chickens
3. Anti-allergic effects of Artemisia

Asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida)

1. Antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Ferula assafoetida
2. Anti-diabetic activity of Ferula assafoetida extract in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats
3. Antihyperglycemic effect of Asafoetida

Avens (Geum urbanum)

1. Antixoidant activity of Geum Urbanum
2. Antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of different solvent extracts of the medicinal plant Geum urbanum L.
3. Protective Effect of Aleppo Avens on Mouse Cerebral Ischemia

Avocado leaf (Persea americana)

1. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill
2. Anticonvulsant effect of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae)(Avocado) leaf aqueous extract in mice
3. Hypoglycemic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Persea americana Mill

Barberry (Berberis vulgaris and other Berberis spp.)

1. Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine
2. The antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of aqueous extract from Berberis vulgaris fruit on hypertensive rats
3. Study on the anti-inflammatory action of Berberis vulgaris root extract, alkaloid fractions and pure alkaloids

Basil, Holy (Ocimum Sanctum)

1. Evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn, Ocimum sanctum
2. Effect of Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) leaf powder supplementation on blood sugar levels, serum lipids and tissues lipids in diabetic rats
3. Evaluation of antioxidant and wound healing effects of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn in rats

Basil, sweet (Ocimum basilicum)

1. Antimicrobial effects of Ocimum basilicum (Labiatae) extract
2. Effect of Chitosan on the Biological Properties of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
3. Antiulcerogenic Effects of Ocimum basilicum Extracts

Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis)

1. Analgesic and anti‐inflammatory activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis Linn.
2. Anticonvulsant activity of the leaf essential oil of Laurus nobilis against pentylenetetrazole-and maximal electroshock-induced seizures
3. Alcohol absorption inhibitors from bay leaf (Laurus nobilis): structure-requirements of sesquiterpenes for the activity

Blue fenugreek, blue melilot (Trigonella caerulea)

1. Effect of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) on blood glucose in normal and diabetic ratsIn vitro shoot regeneration of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) using different cytokinins
2. Fenugreek seed polyphenols protect liver from alcohol toxicity: a role on hepatic detoxification system and apoptosis
3. Saudi Arabia folk medicine plants (Costus, Fenugreek, Rhamuns) effect on cancer cell lines (A549, Hela, BT549, Colo320, SW620)

Boldo (Peumus boldus)

1. Hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of a traditional medicinal plant of Chile, Peumus boldus
2. Effect of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) infusion on lipoperoxidation induced by cisplatin in mice liver
3. Antioxidant activity of crude extract, alkaloid fraction, and flavonoid fraction from Boldo (Peumus boldus Molina) leaves

Borage (Borago officinalis)

1. Antioxidative activity of borage (Borago officinalis L.)
2. Pharmacological basis for the use of Borago officinalis in gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders
3. Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of ethanolic extracts of defatted borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds

California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)

1. Antibacterial activity of native California medicinal plant extracts isolated from Rhamnus californica and Umbellularia californica
2. The effects of Umbellularia californica produced terpenoids on vascular smooth muscle.
3. The flavonoids of Umbellularia californica (lauraceae)

Caper (Capparis spinosa)

1. Bioactive components of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) from Sicily and antioxidant effects in a red meat simulated gastric digestion
2. The anticarcinogenic potential of essential oil and aqueous infusion from caper (Capparis spinosa L.)
3. Study on the ethnopharmaceutical values and traditional uses of Capparis spinosa L.

Caraway (Carum carvi)

1. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phenolic extract from Carum carvi L.
2. Antibacterial Activity of Cuminum cyminum L. and Carum carvi L. Essential Oils
3. Antispasmodic effects of some medicinal plants
4. Antiobesity Effect of Caraway Extract on Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

 

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)

1. Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton. fruits in rats
2. Blood pressure lowering, fibrinolysis enhancing and antioxidant activities of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
3. Antimicrobial effect of seed extract of cardamom (Elettarıa cardamomum Maton)
4. Anti-Diabetic Activity of Amomum Subulatum Roxb. Fruit Constituents

Cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum)

1. Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro
2. Growth-Inhibiting Effects of Cinnamomum cassia Bark-Derived Materials on Human Intestinal Bacteria
3. Antihyperglycaemic effect of Cassia auriculata in experimental diabetes and its effects on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism

Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

1. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antidiabetic effect of different extracts of Nepeta cataria in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
2. Catnip: Its uses and effects, past and present
3. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of Nepeta cataria

Cayenne pepper (Capsicum annuum)

1. Polyphenols in red pepper [Capsicum annuum var. aviculare (Tepin)] and their protective effect on some pro-oxidants induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver
2. Flavonoids and antioxidant activity of fresh pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars
3. Antioxidant Activity of the Main Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Hot Pepper Fruit (Capsicum annuum L.)

Celery leaf (Apium graveolens)

1. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of a flavonoid isolated from celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce)
2. Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract
3. Hypolipidemic effects of seed extract of celery (Apium graveolens) in rats

Celery seed (Apium graveolens)

1. Antihypertensive effect of celery seed on rat blood pressure in chronic administration
2. Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene‐induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil
3. A novel compound from celery seed with a bactericidal effect against Helicobacter pylori

Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium)

1. In vitro antioxidant activity of Anthriscus cerefolium L.(Hoffm.) extracts
2. Chervil: A Multifunctional Miraculous Nutritional Herb [2012]
3. Free radical scavenging and membrane protective effects of methanol extracts fromAnthriscus cerefolium L. (Hoffm.) andPetroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus)

1. Antihyperglycemic effect of a natural chicoric acid extract of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)
2. Polyphenol content and antiradical activity of Cichorium intybus L. from biodynamic and conventional farming
3. Anti-hepatotoxic effects of root and root callus extracts of Cichorium intybus L

Chili pepper (Capsicum spp.)

1. Antioxidant, Antinociceptive, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Carotenoids Extracted from Dried Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
2. Effects of capsaicin on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet
3. Ingestion of chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) reduces salicylate bioavailability after oral aspirin administration in the rat

Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)

1. Diallyl sulfide content and antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria of chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
2. Allium schoenoprasum L., as a natural antioxidant
3. Anti-inflammatory effects of Allium schoenoprasum L. leaves

Cinnamon, white (Canella winterana)

1. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2
2. Antioxidant effects of a cinnamon extract in people with impaired fasting glucose that are overweight or obese
3. The Evaluation of Long‐term Effects of Cinnamon Bark

Clary, Clary sage (Salvia sclarea)

1. Antidepressant-like effect of Salvia sclarea is explained by modulation of dopamine activities in rats
2. Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.)
3. A Study on Anti-Inflammatory and Peripheral Analgesic Action of Salvia sclarea Oil and Its Main Components

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

1. Effect of Syzygium aromaticum extract on immediate hypersensitivity in rats
2. Antioxidant property of Nigella sativa (black cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in rats during aflatoxicosis
3. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry: impact upon bacteria, fungi and fatty acid levels in ageing mice
4. β‐Caryophyllene attenuates palmitate‐induced lipid accumulation through AMPK signaling by activating CB2 receptor in human HepG2 hepatocytes

Coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum)

1. Protective effects of Coriandrum sativum extracts on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
2. Hypolipidemic effect of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): mechanism of action
3. Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander)

Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita)

1. Antimicrobial agents from Tanacetum balsamita
2. In vitro antioxidant activities of various solvent extracts from Tanacetum balsamita L. subsp. balsamita
3. Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Tanacetum balsamita Essential Oil and One of Its Major Constituents (Quercetin) in Male Rats

Cudweed (Gnaphalium spp.) (Vietnam)

1. Experimental Study on Antitussive and Expectorant Effects of Cudweed
2. Effect of Gnaphalium conoideum HBK on guinea pig airway smooth muscle: role of L-type Ca2+ channels
3. Antiinflammatory activity-guided fractionation of Gnaphalium stramineum

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)

1. Hypolipidemic effect of Cuminum cyminum L. on alloxan-induced diabetic rats
2. Effects of methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum on total serum cholesterol in ovariectomized rats
3. Chemopreventive effects of Cuminum cyminum in chemically induced forestomach and uterine cervix tumors in murine model systems
4. Antiobesity, antihyperlipidemic and hypoglycemic effects of the aqueous extract of Nigella Sativa seeds (Kalongi)

Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii)

1. Beneficial effects of Murraya koenigii leaves on antioxidant defense system and ultra structural changes of pancreatic β-cells in experimental diabetes in rats
2. Anti-diabetic effect of Murraya koenigii leaves on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
3. Anti-oxidant effects of curry leaf, Murraya koenigii and mustard seeds, Brassica juncea in rats fed with high fat diet.

Deulkkae (Perilla frutescens seeds)

1. Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils
2. Effects of Fatty Oil of Acute Common Perilla (Perilla frutescens) on the Learning and Memory of Mice [J]
3. Experimental Study of the Effect of Perilla frutescens Seed on Hyperlipoidemia Model Rats [J]

Dill seed (Anethum graveolens)

1. Effects of anethum graveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients
2. The effects of Anethum graveolens L. on female reproductive system
3. Anethum graveolens: An Indian traditional medicinal herb and spice

Elderflower (Sambucus spp.)

1. The benefits of antioxidant-rich fruits on skin health
2. Inhibition of microglial activation by elderberry extracts and its phenolic components
3. Treatment of Paederus dermatitis with Sambucus ebulus lotion

Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides)

1. Amoebicidal activity of essential oil of Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants in an amoebic liver abscess Hamster model
2. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Schistosomicidal, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oil of Dysphania ambrosioides
3. Ethnopharmacological reports on anti-Buruli ulcer medicinal plants in three West African countries

 

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

1. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare
2. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil: A carbon-tetrachloride induced liver fibrosis model in rats
3. Cholinergic Basis of Memory-Strengthening Effect of Foeniculum vulgare Linn.
4. Anti-Obesity Effects of Foeniculum fructus Water Extract

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

1. Hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum leaf in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats
2. Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seed extract as an antineoplastic agent
3. Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic

Galangal, greater (Alpinia galanga)

1. Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions on Aβ (25–35) induced amnesia in mice
2. Antiallergic principles from Alpinia galanga: structural requirements of phenylpropanoids for inhibition of degranulation and release of TNF-α and IL-4 in RBL-2H3
3. Neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes and antioxidant status on Alzheimer’s disease induced mice treated with Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd

Garlic chives (Allium tuberosum)

1. Aphrodisiac properties of Allium tuberosum seeds extract
2. The effect of oral administration of Allium sativum extracts on lead nitrate induced toxicity in male mice
3. Beneficial effect of Allium sativum and Allium tuberosum on experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

1. Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) rhizomes (Zingiberaceae) in mice and rats
2. Ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) has anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats
3. Anti‐diabetic activity of Zingiber officinale in streptozotocin‐induced type I diabetic rats
4. Gingerenone A, a polyphenol present in ginger, suppresses obesity and adipose tissue inflammation in high‐fat diet‐fed mice

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)

1. A Review on the Phytochemical Composition and Potential Medicinal Uses of Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) Root
2. Tumor Cell Proliferation and Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory Constituents in Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
3. Antioxidant properties of leaf and root extract and oil from different types of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn.)

 

Houttuynia cordata (Vietnam)

1. Anti-inflammatory effect of Houttuynia cordata injection
2. Immunomodulatory and anti-SARS activities of Houttuynia cordata
3. Protective Effect of Houttuynia cordata Extract on Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats

 

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

1. Inhibitory Effects of Hyssop (Hyssopus of ficinalis) Extracts on Intestinal α-Glncosidase Activity and Postprandial Hyperglycemia
2. Effect of Hyssopus officinalis L. on inhibiting airway inflammation and immune regulation in a chronic asthmatic mouse model
3. Herbal medicines and epilepsy: the potential for benefit and adverse effects

 

Jasmine flowers (Jasminum spp.)

1. Herbs for the treatment of insomnia
2. Nutraceutical Properties in Flowers
3. Suppression of puerperal lactation using jasmine flowers (Jasminum sambac)

 

Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum)

1. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Anoectochilus formosanus and Gynostemma pentaphyllum
2. Phytopreventative anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in rats
3. Neuroprotective effects of herbal ethanol extracts from Gynostemma pentaphyllum in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson’s disease

 

Juniper berry (Juniperus communis)

1. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of some Swedish medicinal plants. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis and PAF-induced exocytosis
2. Hypoglycemic activity of juniper “berries”
3. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and different fractions of Juniperus communis L. and a comparison with some commercial antibiotics

 

Kawakawa seeds (Macropiper excelsum) (New Zealand)

1. Macropiper excelsum
2. Cytotoxic Amides from Fruits of Kawakawa, Macropiper excelsum
3. Kawakawa Fact Sheet

 

Kencur, galangal, kentjur (Kaempferia galanga)

1. Antinociceptive activity of the methanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. in experimental animals
2. Hypolipidemic effect ofAlpinia galanga (Rasna) andKaempferia galanga (Kachoori)
3. Sedative activity of hexane extract of Keampferia galanga L. and its active compounds

 

Lavender (Lavandula spp.)

1. Neuroprotective effects of inhaled lavender oil on scopolamine-induced dementia via anti-oxidative activities in rats
2. Effect of lavender oil (Lavandula angustifolia) on cerebral edema and its possible mechanisms in an experimental model of stroke
3. Medicinal lavender modulates the enteric microbiota to protect against Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis

 

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

1. Regulation of obesity and lipid disorders by herbal extracts from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris in high-fat diet-induced obese mice
2. Melissa officinalis L. essential oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities
3. Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis in the mouse

 

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus, and other Cymbopogon spp.)

1. Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea
2. Cholesterol reduction and lack of genotoxic or toxic effects in mice after repeated 21-day oral intake of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil
3. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). II. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed “in utero”

 

Licorice, liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

1. Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice
2. Antidepressant-like activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in mouse models of immobility tests
3. In vitro and in vivo antiallergic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its components

 

Locust beans (Parkia biglobosa)

1. Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of an extract from Parkia biglobosa used in traditional medicine in the Ivory Coast
2. Possible antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effect of fermented Parkia biglobosa (JACQ) extract in alloxan‐induced diabetic rats
3. The antisnake venom activities of Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae) stem bark extract

 

Lovage (Levisticum officinale)

1. Antimycobacterial polyacetylenes from Levisticum officinale
2. The inhibitory effect of some Iranian plants extracts on the alpha glucosidase
3. Chemical Composition and antiproliferative activity of essential oil from the leaves of a medicinal herb, Levisticum officinale, against UMSCC1 head and neck

 

Marjoram (Origanum majorana)

1. Protective Effect of Origanum majorana L. ‘Marjoram’ on Various Models of Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats
2. Effects of Origanum majorana L. on cadmium induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in albino rats.
3. Phenolic and Triterpenoid Antioxidants from Origanum majorana L. Herb and Extracts Obtained with Different Solvents

 

Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus)

1. Hypotensive Effect of Pistacia lentiscus L
2. Antiatherogenic effect of Pistacia lentiscus via GSH restoration and downregulation of CD36 mRNA expression
3. The effect of Pistacia vera L. gum extract on oxidative damage during experimental cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats

 

Mustard, brown, mustard plant, mustard seed (Brassica juncea)

1. Effect of feeding Murraya koeingii and Brassica juncea diet kidney functions and glucose levels in streptozotocin diabetic mice
2. Antidepressant-like effects of Brassica juncea L. leaves in diabetic rodents
3. A study on antinociceptive and anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanol extract of Brassica Juncea (L.) Czern. leaves in mice

 

Mustard, white, mustard plant, mustard seed (Sinapis alba)

1. Novel mucilage fraction of Sinapis alba L.(mustard) reduces azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in F344 and Zucker obese rats
2. Mustard seeds (Sinapis Alba Linn) attenuate azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis
3. Mustard seed (Sinapis Alba Linn) attenuates imiquimod‐induced psoriasiform inflammation of BALB/c mice

 

Mustard, yellow (Brassica hirta = Sinapis alba)

1. Phytotoxic effects of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Fe on Sinapis alba L. seedlings and their accumulation in roots and shoots
2. Effects of fusicoccin upon membrane potential resistance and current-voltage characteristics in root hairs of Sinapis alba
3. Acaricidal Constituents Isolated from Sinapis alba L. Seeds and Structure− Activity Relationships

 

Nigella, kalonji, black caraway, black onion seed (Nigella sativa)

1. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of Nigella sativa
2. Diuretic and hypotensive effects of Nigella sativa in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
3. Effects of Nigella sativa fixed oil on blood homeostasis in rat

 

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)

1. Hepatoprotective Effect of Myristicin from Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) on Lipopolysaccharide/d-Galactosamine-Induced Liver Injury
2. Antiinflammatory effect of mace, aril of Myristica fragrans Houtt., and its active principles
3. Anxiogenic activity of Myristica fragrans seeds
4. Hepatocyte-protective effect of nectandrin B, a nutmeg lignan, against oxidative stress: Role of Nrf2 activation through ERK phosphorylation and AMPK-dependent inhibition of GSK-3β

 

Oregano (Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum, and other species)

1. Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare growing wild in Tafilalet region
2. Dose‐dependent effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1, 2‐dimethylhydrazine‐induced rat colon carcinogenesis
3. Antifungal activities of origanum oil against Candida albicans

 

Orris root (Iris germanica, I. florentina, I. pallida)

1. Antibacterial and allelopathic activity of methanolic extract from Iris pseudopumila rhizomes
2. Studies on Preparation of Bioactivity Parts of total Isoflavone Aglycones from Rhizoma Iridis Tectori
3. Cancer chemopreventive in vitro activities of isoflavones isolated from Iris germanica

 

Paprika (Capsicum annuum)

1. Dietary capsanthin, the main carotenoid in paprika (Capsicum annuum), alters plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and hepatic gene expression in rats
2. Effect of red pepper Capsicum annuum var. conoides and garlic Allium sativum on plasma lipid levels and cecal microflora in mice fed beef tallow
3. Prevention of N‐Methylnitrosourea‐Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats by Oxygenated Carotenoid Capsanthin and Capsanthin‐Rich Paprika Juice

 

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

1. Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) on the skin of STZ induced diabetic rats
2. Preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatotoxic activities of’parsley’petroselinum crispum in rats
3. Prevention of Experimentally-induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats by an Ethanolic Extract of “Parsley” Petroselinum crispum

 

Pepper, black, white, and green (Piper nigrum)

1. Antispermatogenic and antifertility effects of fruits of Piper nigrum L. in mice
2. Antidepressant like effects of piperine in chronic mild stress treated mice and its possible mechanisms
3. Effect of piperine on the inhibition of lung metastasis induced B16F-10 melanoma cells in mice

 

Pepper, long (Piper longum)

1. Effects of Piper longum fruit, Piper sarmentosum root and Quercus infectoria nut gall on caecal amoebiasis in mice
2. Protective effect of Piper longum L. on oxidative stress induced injury and cellular abnormality in adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity in rats
3. Analgesic activity of Piper longum Linn. root

 

Pepper, mountain, Cornish pepper leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata)

1. Natural antiulcerogenic agents: an overview
2. The phytochemistry and chemotherapeutic potential of Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper): A review
3. The potential of Tasmannia lanceolata as a natural preservative and medicinal agent: Antimicrobial activity and toxicity

 

Peppermint gum leaf (Eucalyptus dives)

1. Antiradical and Anti-H2O2 Properties of Polyphenolic Compounds from an Aqueous Peppermint Extract
2. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.)
3. Inhibitory effects of eucalyptus and banaba leaf extracts on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fructose/high-glucose diet in rats

 

Poppy seed (Papaver somniferum)

1. Anticarcinogenic effects of the essential oils from cumin, poppy and basil
2. Isoquinoline alkaloids and keto-fatty acids of Argemone ochroleuca and A. mexicana (mexican poppy) seed. II. Concentrations tolerated by pigs
3. Analytical study and analgesic activity of oripavine from Papaver somniferum L

Quassia (Quassia amara) bitter spice in aperitifs and some beers and fortified wines

1. Evaluation of the analgesic and antiedematogenic activities of Quassia amara bark extract
2. Antiulcerogenic activity of four extracts obtained from the bark wood of Quassia amara L.(Simaroubaceae)
3. Antidiabetic Activity of Standardized Extract of Quassia amara in Nicotinamide–Streptozotocin‐induced Diabetic Rats

 

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

1. Antidepressant-like effect of the extract of Rosmarinus officinalis in mice: involvement of the monoaminergic system
2. Protective effect of supercritical fluid rosemary extract, Rosmarinus officinalis, on antioxidants of major organs of aged rats
3. Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Essential Oil in Experimental Animal Models
4. Rosemary Extract‐Mediated Lifespan Extension and Attenuated Oxidative Damage in Drosophila melanogaster Fed on High‐Fat Diet

 

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), only for yellow color

1. Effect of the carthamins yellow from Carthamus tinctorius L. on hemorheological disorders of blood stasis in rats
2. Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Activities of Mogami-benibana (Safflower, Carthamus tinctorius Linne)
3. Evaluation of the anti-myocardial ischemia effect of individual and combined extracts of Panax notoginseng and Carthamus tinctorius in rats

 

Saffron (Crocus sativus)

1. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocus sativus L. stigma and petal extracts in mice
2. Antidepressant effect of kaempferol, a constituent of saffron (Crocus sativus) petal, in mice and rats
3. Effects of the active constituents of Crocus sativus L., crocins on recognition and spatial rats’ memory

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

1. The drinking of a Salvia officinalis infusion improves liver antioxidant status in mice and rats
2. Effect of Salvia officinalis L. leaves on serum glucose and insulin in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
3. Antidiabetic effects of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaves in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
4. Preventive effects of salvia officinalis leaf extract on insulin resistance and inflammation, in high fat diet-induced-obesity mice model

 

Saigon cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi)

1. Cinnamon Extract Enhances Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and C2C12 Myocytes by Inducing LKB1-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling
2. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities of hexane extracts from some Asian medicinal plants
3. Cinnamon: Mystic powers of a minute ingredient

 

Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)

1. Sassafras albidum has been reported to have antineoplastic activity
2. Sassafras tea: Using a traditional method of preparation to reduce the carcinogenic compound safrole
3. Sassafras and herb tea

 

Savory, winter (Satureja montana)

1. Protective effect of Satureja montana extract on cyclophosphamide-induced testicular injury in rats
2. An update on pharmacology of Satureja species; from antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetes and anti-hyperlipidemic to reproductive stimulation
3. Effects of winter savory (satureja montana l.) on peripheral body temperature of people who experience a ‘Feeling of Cold'(Hie-Sho)

 

Sesame Seed, Black Sesame Seed Shiso (Perilla frutescens var. crispa leaves)

1. Sesame seed lignans and γ-tocopherol act synergistically to produce vitamin E activity in rats
2. Sesamin is one of the major precursors of mammalian lignans in sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) as observed in vitro and in rats
3. Effect of sesame seeds rich in sesamin and sesamolin on fatty acid oxidation in rat liver

 

Silphium, silphion, laser, laserpicium, sorado Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)

1. Phenolic compounds from Allium schoenoprasum, Tragopogon pratensis and Rumex acetosa and their antiproliferative effects
2. Pharmacologically mechanistic basis for the traditional uses of Rumex acetosa in gut motility disorders and emesis
3. Biosynthesis of Stable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Aqueous Extracts of Hordeum vulgare and Rumex acetosa Plants

 

Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

1. Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism
2. Anti-inflammatory activity of four solvent fractions of ethanol extract of Mentha spicata L. investigated on acute and chronic inflammation induced rats
3. Spearmint herbal tea has significant anti‐androgen effects in polycystic ovarian syndrome. a randomized controlled trial

 

Spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora or N. jatamansi)

1. Sedative effects of vapor inhalation of agarwood oil and spikenard extract and identification of their active components
2. Nardostachys jatamansi Improves Learning and Memory in Mice
3. A review on spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.)-An ‘endangered’essential herb of India

 

Star anise (Illicium verum)

1. Effects of dietary cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Illicium verum, Schizandra chinensis and alfalfa on the benzo [a] pyrene metabolic system in mouse liver
2. Topical application of an ethanol extract prepared from Illicium verum suppresses atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice
3. Herbal medicine and epilepsy: proconvulsive effects and interactions with antiepileptic drugs
4. Anethole prevents hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis and collagen metabolism alterations in human skin fibroblasts

 

Sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum)

1. Antioxidant and burn healing potential of Galium odoratum extractso
2. Galium odoratum
3. Hepatoprotective effects of Berberis lycium, Galium and Pistacia integerrima in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated rats

 

Szechuan pepper, Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum)

1. Glycoprotein of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC has a hepatoprotective effect via anti-oxidative character in vivo and in vitro
2. Zanthoxylum piperitum DC ethanol extract suppresses fat accumulation in adipocytes and high fat diet-induced obese mice by regulating adipogenesis
3. Human acyl-CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitory activities of aliphatic acid amides from Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.

 

Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus)

1. Anticonvulsant activity and chemical composition of Artemisia dracunculus L. essential oil
2. High-fat diet-induced neuropathy of prediabetes and obesity: effect of PMI-5011, an ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L.
3. Improved absorption and bioactivity of active compounds from an anti-diabetic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L

 

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

1. Dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil during the lifetime of the rat: its effects on the antioxidant status in liver, kidney and heart tissues
2. Effects of thymol and carvacrol, constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil, on the inflammatory response
3. Antioxidant properties of Thymus vulgaris oil against aflatoxin-induce oxidative stress in male rats
4. The Application of Medicinal Plants in Traditional and Modern Medicine: A Review of Thymus vulgaris

 

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

1. Effect of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on iron-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat liver
2. Behavioral, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects of the ethanolic extract from Curcuma longa L. in the mouse forced swimming test
3. Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma longa: a review of preclinical and clinical research.
4. Effect of curcumin (Curcuma longa extract) on LPS-induced acute lung injury is mediated by the activation of AMPK

 

Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia)

1. Vanillin as an antioxidant in rat liver mitochondria: inhibition of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by photosensitization
2. Evaluation of antidepressant activity of vanillin in mice
3. DNA protective properties of vanillin against γ-radiation under different conditions: possible mechanisms

 

Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)

1. Anti-obesity effects of hot water extract from Wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum.) leaves in mice fed high-fat diets
2. Effect of wasabi leafstalk (Wasabia japonica MATSUM.) extract on bone metabolism in mouse calvaria tissue culture
3. Antiplatelet and anticancer isothiocyanates in Japanese domestic horseradish, wasabi

 

Water-pepper, smartweed (Polygonum hydropiper)

1. Effect of Chromatographic Fractions of Polygonum hydropiper Linn.(Roots) on Fertility in Female Albino Rats
2. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Polygonum hydropiper methanol extract
3. Antinociceptive activity of Polygonum hydropiper

 

 

Watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquatica)

1. Effects of watercress consumption on metabolism of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen in smokers.
2. Chemoprevention of cancer by isothiocyanates, modifiers of carcinogen metabolism
3. Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress

 

Wattleseed (Acacia Victoriae)

1. Triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham) decrease tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis
2. Avicins: triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham) induce apoptosis by mitochondrial perturbation
3. Avicins, a family of triterpenoid saponins from Acacia victoriae (Bentham), suppress H-ras mutations and aneuploidy in a murine skin carcinogenesis model
4. Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Acacia Polyphenol in Obese Diabetic KKAy Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

 

Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum)

1. Impact of thymol in thyme extracts on their antispasmodic action and ciliary clearance
2. Hypoglycemic and hematological effects of aqueous extract of Thymus serpyllum Linn. in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits
3. Review of ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological study of Thymus serpyllum L.

 

Willow herb (Epilobium parviflorum)

1. Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antioxidant Evaluation of Commercial Water-Soluble Willow Herb (Epilobium angustifolium L.) Extracts
2. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory effect of Epilobium parviflorum Schreb.
3. Anti-proliferative effect on a prostatic epithelial cell line (PZ-HPV-7) by Epilobium angustifolium L.

 

Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens)

1. Variation in polyphenolic profile and in vitro antioxidant activity of eastern teaberry (Gaultheria procumbens L.) leaves following foliar development
2. Methods on the content and antiradical activity of polyphenols from fruits Actinidia arguta, Crataegus monogyna, Gaultheria procumbens and Schisandra chinensis
3. The determination of salicylates in Gaultheria procumbens for use as a natural aspirin alternative

 

Woodruff (Galium odoratum) Galium odoratum)

Antioxidant and burn healing potential of Galium odoratum extracts

 

Wormwood, absinthe (Artemisia absinthium)

1. Preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium on acetaminophen and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity
2. Study of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity from plant extracts of Lactuca scariola and Artemisia absinthium
3. Neuroprotective effect of Artemisia absinthium L. on focal ischemia and reperfusion-induced cerebral injury

 

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

1. Antispermatogenic effect of Achillea millefolium L. in mice
2. Safety and antiulcer efficacy studies of Achillea millefolium L. after chronic treatment in Wistar rats
3. The effect of Achillea millefolium extract on spermatogenesis of male Wistar rats

 

Zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria)

1. Anti-angiogenesis effect of essential oil from Curcuma zedoaria in vitro and in vivo
2. Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.(white turmeric): a review of its chemical, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal properties
3. Evaluation of antinociceptive, in-vivo & in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Curcuma zedoaria rhizome

Concentration	20:1, 200:1